No. 999 - The environmental impact of remote working: insights from a survey conducted in Banca d'Italia

Questioni di Economia e Finanza (Occasional papers)
by Dario Alessandro de Pinto, Donato Milella, Daniele Macali, Riccardo Basile, Carmen Lavinia, Giovanni Murano, Marco Rao, Roberta Roberto, Andrea Tortora and Alessandro Zini
January 2026
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This paper evaluates the variation in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the adoption of a hybrid working model, drawing on data from a survey conducted in 2023 among Banca d'Italia employees and using a calculation tool developed by the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) as part of a collaboration agreement with the Bank.

Daily per capita GHG emissions from employees' home-to-work commuting were found to be nearly four times higher than those associated with additional domestic energy consumption for heating, cooling, computer use and lighting on each day of remote work. Overall, the implementation of a work model that enables remote work therefore resulted in a net positive impact on the environment. Between 2019 and 2024, this led to a reduction of almost one third in the Bank's total greenhouse gas emissions relating to commuting and remote work.

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  1. 23 January 2026
    No. 999 - The environmental impact of remote working: insights from a survey conducted in Banca d'Italia
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    (only in Italian)